Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides Essays

Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides Essays Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides Paper Analysis of Middlesex by Jeffrey Eugenides Paper Essay Topic: Chinatown Middle School The Bean Eaters Linsay Gonzalez Mrs. Bean AP English, Period 4 02 January 2010 Middlesex â€Å"Poseidon, enraged, caused Mino’s wife Pasiphae to be smitten with love for a bull. How the child of that union, Asterius, came out with a bull’s head attached to a human body†¦The Minotaur appeared†¦He growled; drums pounded; chorus girls screamed and fled. The Minotaur pursued, and of course he caught them, each one, and devoured her bloodily, and dragged her pale, defenseless body deeper into the maze† (Minotaurs, 108). Allusion Jeffrey Eugenides was born in Detroit, Michigan in 1960. His father was American but his grandparents were Greek and his mother was from Irish decent. He drew some of his own experiences and incorporated them into the novel to make it more realistic and credible (Keenan). There are a lot of similarities between the main character and Eugenides like both attended public school and then transferred to private. They both state that they attended to Stanford and as older men they fall in love with a Japanese-American woman (Bloomsbury). A remarkable connection is the Obscure Object. In an interview, Eugenides remarks that during college he and his friend were in love with a mysterious woman and they named her the Obscure Object (Weich). As a fourteen year old, Callie has a crush on a classmate whom she also calls the Obscure Object and she is the cause of Callie’s life to finally spiral out of control. Eugenides admits to placing himself in Callie’s shoes in order to make the next step (Weich). Imagery: It is 1922 and the Turks have invaded Greece. They take over Smyrna and are destroying everything in their path without compassion. Coming back from delivering a baby, â€Å"it didn’t occur to Dr. Philobosian that the twisted body he stepped over in the street belonged to his younger son. He noticed only that his front door was open. In the foyer, he stopped to listen. There was only silence†¦Toukhie was sitting in the sofa, waiting for him. Her head had fallen backward as though in hilarity, the angle opening the wound so that a section of windpipe gleamed†¦Dr. Philobosian took a step and slipped, then noticed a trail of blood leading down the hallway†¦ He followed the trail into the master bedroom, where he found his two daughters†¦Rose’s hand reached out toward her sister as though to adjust the silver ribbon across her forehead† (An Immodest Proposal; 60-61). The images it describes are gruesome and despairing. Just the idea of him not knowing that he stepped over his son without recognizing him is unbearable. This passage expresses a disturbing and melancholy tone. Disturbing because of the cold blooded way the soldiers killed them and melancholy because the doctor lost every single person he loved. Diction: Callie is spending a week with the Obscure Object in her summer home and during the night, instinct and desire take over her, motivating her to experiment with the emotions she’s been feeling. As she approaches the Obscure Object she reminiscences, â€Å"tiny muscles in my flank, muscles I hadn’t known I possessed, suddenly made themselves available. They propelled me millimeter by millimeter across the sheets. The old bedsprings gave me trouble. As I tried nonchalantly to advance, they called out ribald encouragement. They cheered, they sang. I kept stopping and starting† (The Gun on the Wall; 383). This passage contributes to theme. Callie thinks she is discovering her sexuality but she is really discovering her gender identity. The diction gives a tone of amusement and self-discovering. Syntax: When the Turks invaded Greece in 1922, they not only ransacked, raided, and vandalized the city but they also burned everything in their path. The omniscient Calliope points out that â€Å"the smell of things burning that aren’t meant to burn wafts across the city: shoe polish rat poison, toothpaste, piano strings, hernia trusses, baby cribs, Indian clubs. And hair and skin. By this time, hair and skin† (An Immodest Proposal; 57). First the author gives you a list of normal household things burning but instead of adding a comma after â€Å"Indian clubs† he ends with a period. This is to setup up a more important idea. The omniscient narrator says it with a casual tone and with the period there is a pause leaving a little doubt. It is to give a more lasting impact. By repeating the statement, the narrator has an assertive tone, affirming what is happening true. Characterization: Beginning- Over the summer of sixth grade, most of Callie’s classmates have â€Å"developed† but she doesn’t pay much attention assuming that her moment will arrive. A year later she is still the same and in an impetuous moment, a frantic Calliope throws â€Å"a tantrum-edged scream. Twelve-year-old feet running up the stairs, while Tessie called out, ‘don’t be so dramatic, Callie. We’ll get you a bra if you want. ’ Up into my bedroom, where after locking the door, I pulled off my shirt before the mirror to see†¦that my mother was right. Nothing! Nothing at all to hold up anything. And I burst into tears of frustration and rage† (The Mediterranean Diet; 288). This shows Callie as immature, confused, and with low self-esteem. At a young age, Calliope becomes enraged because she doesn’t understand why her body isn’t developing. She is perplexed and desperate because she is at an age when the only important thing is to belong. Middle- After discovering that she is a male and is offered a cosmetic surgery to be able to keep living as a girl, Callie or Cal, decides to run away and renounce that life. After almost a year of disappearing Cal reflects that â€Å"unlike other so-called male pseudo-hermaphrodites who have been written about in the press, I never felt out of place being a girl. I still don’t feel entirely at home among men. Desire made me cross over to the other side, desire and the facticity of my body†¦Biology gives you a brain. Life turns it into a mind† (Hermaphroditus; 479). At fourteen years old, Calliope has matured and understands what goes on in her body. He is able to make reflections on his decisions. Cal is brave because after running away not only does he worry about money, but also has to forget being a girl and learn the ways of men. He now takes responsibility of his actions instead of letting his parents choose who he will be. Cal is attempting to accept who he is. End: Cal has never had any real relationship because just when things were going to get serious he fled before any woman even got near to know the truth about him. With Julie he to a plunge. Cal remarks, â€Å"I was trying to keep up the banter. I was also taking off my clothes. So was Julie. It was like jumping into cold water. You had to do it without thinking too much. We got under the covers and held each other, petrified, happy† (The Last Stop; 514). Cal finally accepts himself as a male but with both male and female genitalia. He has not had surgery. He has accepted himself but he is afraid of rejections, of being seen as a monster, of being treated differently. With Julie, he has proved that he is finally at peace with his body. Tone: â€Å"Every morning a great wall of fog descends upon the city of San Francisco. It begins far out sea. It forms over the Farallons, covering the sea lions on their rocks, and then it sweeps onto Ocean Beach, filling the long green bowl of Golden Gate Park. The fog obscures the early morning joggers and the lone practitioners of tai chi. It mists up the windows of the Glass Pavilion. It creeps over the entire city, over the monuments and movie theaters, over the Panhandle dope dens and the flophouses in the Tenderloin. The fog covers the pastel Victorian mansions in Pacific Heights and shrouds the rainbow-colored houses in the Haight. It walks up and down the twisting streets of Chinatown; it boards the cable cars, making their clanging bells sound like buoys; it climbs to the top of Coit Tower until you can’t see it anymore; it moves in on the Mission, where the mariachi players are still asleep; and it bothers the tourists† (Gender Dysphoria in San Francisco; 468). At first all those commas set a tempo, but by the semicolons, it’s more like the fog is moving in faster and consuming the city in its vastness. It gives a cheerless and sullen tone. The imagery makes it look like everything is silent but the fog is making a silent commotion. It reminds me of â€Å"When You’re Gone† by Avril Lavigne. The slow tempo of the piano while she sings about the person missing, the pace gets faster as she talks about hope. The violin adds a melancholy tone but the guitar adds a tone of hope. Theme: After the Watergate Scandal is made public, and the Turks attack Cyprus, Milton and his friends argue that â€Å"America betrayed the Greeks†. In the heated debate â€Å"Milton shook his head. He lowered his chin aggressively and made a little sound, a bark of disapproval, deep in his throat. ‘We have to do whatever’s in our national interest. ’ And then Milton lifted his chin and said it: ‘To hell with the Greeks. ’ In 1974, instead of reclaiming his roots by visiting Bursa, my father renounced them. Forced to choose between his native land and his ancestral one, he didn’t hesitate† (Flesh and Blood; 363). Many immigrants believed that through effort and moral values the american dream could be achieved, but many found themselves renouncing their traditions and beliefs. Here, Milton has Americanized and rejects his ethnic background. It is all about money now, not about moral values. Callie and Ethan are both trying to find themselves, to prove that they are not â€Å"monsters†. Their families have a really rich history. -In the end, they find a purpose to keep on going, Julie and Ellen. -Both of their families are going for the American Dream, wealth. -Ethan renounces his moral values and Calliope renounces life as a female. -Callie’s father and Ethan both had very dutiful wives that trusted them. Callie and Ethan are both trying to find themselves, to prove that they are not â€Å"monsters†. Their families have a really rich history. -In the end, they find a purpose to keep on going, Julie and Ellen. -Both of their families are going for the American Dream, wealth. -Ethan renounces his moral values and Calliope renounces life as a female. -Callie’s father and Ethan both had very dutiful wives that trusted them. Memor able Quote: â€Å"Ecstasy†¦meaning not what you think. Meaning not euphoria or sexual climax or even happiness. Meaning†¦being driven out of one’s senses† (Flesh and Blood; 374). Works cited The Herculine Effort That Grew. Interview by Catherine Keenan. Webcitation. org. The Sydney Morning Herald, 19 Oct. 2002. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. webcitation. org/5onHI4JBj. Jeffrey Eugenides. Bloomsbury. com. Bloomsbury Publishing. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. bloomsbury. com/jeffreyeugenides. Jeffrey Eugenides Has It Both Ways. Interview by David Weich. Powells. com. Powells City of Books, 25 Oct. 2002. Web. 1 Jan. 2011. ; powells. com/authors/eugenides. html;.

Cfrb Radio Station Essays

Cfrb Radio Station Essays Cfrb Radio Station Paper Cfrb Radio Station Paper History of CFRB CFRB is Toronto’s oldest and longest running radio station. It was founded by Roger’s communication giant Ted Roger’s in the year 1927, and is still going strong to this date. Even through many programming changes, countless numbers of different hosts, and several different formats, they have still managed to remain a powerhouse in the Toronto market. The history of the station is very interesting, and is the reason radio is the way it is to this date. In the year 1925, the demand for a new and more powerful way of receiving and transmitting radio was needed. Ted Rogers, founder of CFRB invented the first batteryless radio receiver, which was a revolution at the time. The machine was designed with the purpose of using an ordinary electric current, and converting it into an energy source that could transmit radio. To demonstrate the power of this device, Rogers put forth an experimental radio station in the year 1927. The station was called â€Å"9RB† and would launch in February of that year for three hours. Within the three hours of the scheduled programming, there was an opening speech from Attorney General W. H price, and a live performance of Jack Arthur Conducting an orchestra from within the city. That night, â€Å"9RB† became CFRB, standing for â€Å"Canada’s First Roger’s Batteryless†. The station originally began on the frequency of 1030kHz, but moved to 960kHz in the March of the same year. At the time the station shared frequency with CKGW, a Christian Radio station. As time progressed, it would be clear that CFRB was dominating the signal, and CKGW would move to another frequency. February 19, 1927 marked the starting point of a historic powerhouse radio station. Over the years that CFRB has been running, they have seen many strong talents pass over their airwaves. One of the earliest talents that they hired was Wes McKnight. Wes McKnight began in the station as their lead sportscaster. He joined the station in 1928, just one year after it began, and did sports broadcasts for over thirty years. He was the voice of the Toronto Argonauts during his time period at the station, and covered all of the Grey Cup games that took place. He hosted such shows as Sports Commentary and conducted many sports interviews for the station. He would later go on to become program for station. Another notable talent for the station was Jim Hunter. He was the stations first full time newscaster, and delivered the news every day on the station until his death in 1949. Hunter was best noted for his coverage of the collapse of the Moose River mine in Halifax. He updated the public every 20 minutes about the collapse, for a total of 129 hours. He continued his updates until the 3 men trapped were saved, 3 days later. One of the most esteemed and profound announcers to be with CFRB was Wally Crouter. He joined the station in 1946, and stayed with the station for 50 years, until his retirement in 1996. He always had something to keep the listener`s attention, and remained interesting by having special guests on the show, and attempting to ease the listener into their day, with informative but less harsh news and information. He did this by staying away from the more racy subject such as sex, politics, and religion. One of his most esteemed moments in the radio stations history, was when he covered Hurricane Hazel devastating Southern Ontario. Even though thousands of people were left homeless and hundreds dead, Crouter still managed to make it to the station by 6 am, and begin his broadcast day. He helped thousands of listeners maintain hope, and gave constant updates on to where help could be found, and which offices and schools were closed etc. Crouter became known as a family man, and became a very prominent figure in CFRB`s history. When he retired on November 1, 1996, it was announced as Wally Crouter day, and a huge retirement party was thrown in his effort. The station took a hard hit that day, and it was some time before they found stability in the market again. A great quote from Wally Crouter, that states exactly who he is and what he stood for was: â€Å"I always tried to put myself in the place of the listener ts the most personal time of the day. The radio is on while youre doing your morning ablutions, getting dressed, having breakfast with the kids coming to the table Ive had a surgeon write me to tell me that, when he had three serious operations to do in a day, he started off by listening to my show so he could achieve the right relaxation and focus he need ed. † Overall, CFRB had many interesting hosts on the show, and managed to keep their listeners attention with a variety of informative and provocative news. In terms of formatting, CFRB was always a very malleable and changing station. With each addition of a new host, or a new feature, the I. D of the station seemed to change as well. When the station first began, it was seen as mainly and news and sports station. It shared signals with the Canadian National Railway, and often did live coverages of orchestras, symphonies, and musical theatre. From the 40`s to the 80`s the programming was all over the place, with sports broadcasts, news, and different special events within the city and Canada. As the 80`s progressed, it was clear that they needed to find a niche format. The establishment of AM640, the Fan590, and 680 News, made this clear. CFRB could no longer cover all aspects of radio, with so many other stations establishing themselves as leaders within certain sections (sports, weather, traffic etc. ). By the 90`s, the station had become fully news/talk. Once again, the station began to find its niche with the Toronto market, still hanging on to many of the listeners that they had had early in their career. They again stabilized their lineups, with such hosts as Mike Stafford, John Oakley, the Motts, and Bill Carroll. As the 90’s progressed, CFRB had begun to hit another rut. The majority of the listeners that had been loyal to the station for over 50 years, were now in their 60’s. They were no longer spending money, and CFRB was losing money on advertising. In August of 2009, the station announced that it was about to undergo some major programming, and scheduling changes. In September of 2010, the station announced that it would be therein known as â€Å"Newstalk 1010†. Many of the long time staff members were fired, with the exception of Bill Carroll. The new line-up consisted of John Moore, Jim Richards, former conservative leader John Tory. Bill Carroll later left the station in February of 2010, and was replaced by Jerry Agar, a well known Canadian talk show host that worked mostly in the states. Mike Bullard would later join the show, who is a well known comedian. Overall CFRB went through many format changes, all in an effort to meet their target demographic. The target demographic for CFRB has never changed, nor has the target audience. The station however had to go through many format changes in order to meet these needs. The target listener were males and females aged 25-54, with medium incomes. As time by though, the 25-54 years olds had either died off, or were getting closer and closer to the 54 aged range. This was bad news for CFRB, as they were losing thousands of dollars on advertising. They could no longer support the 54 and up listeners, and had to re-amp again to meet the needs of the 25 year olds. This is the main reason as to why CFRB labelled themselves at Newstalk 1010, and changed most of their talent bank. In the last BBM rating chart, Newstalk 1010 held up fifth spot in the Toronto market, as opposed to the number one spot that they had held for over sixty years. They currently hold a 4. 1% share of the Toronto market, with a total Cume of 1,080,700 listeners. In terms of other news stations, they trailed behind CBC Radio 1, and 680 News, who held 7. 0% and 7. 1% of the Toronto market respectively. They each had a total cume of around 1,800,000 people. The other news station that CFRB was ahead of in the last BBM ratings chart was AM640. AM640 held a mere 2. 3% of the Toronto market, and had a total cume of 1,032,700 people during the designated listening period. The new target demographic for CFRB is males aged 25-54, which is only somewhat successful so far. Overall, CFRB has always been going after the same demographic, but has had to re-amp and change the format of their station, programming, and talent several times in order to do so. In the next few years, it is clear that Newstalk 1010 is going to have to go through some more major changes. They have taken a hard hit in the last little while with all of the programming changes, and with the loss of Wally Crouter in the last decade. They must make a conscious effort to earn more time spent listening with their audience, in an attempt to beat 680News and CBC radio 1. The reason 680 news has a higher average quarter minute, is because people are constantly tuning in and out of their station. They have a very well known hot clock, and people know exactly when to tune in for weather and traffic. Newstalk 1010 must establish themselves as well as 680news, and find a niche within their target audience. Since they had been so well known for so long, and then re-amped out of the blue, their loyal listeners find it hard to trust the station since they have morphed so many times. Lately, Astral as a whole has been a major part of the Toronto community and has helped out with donations to many world effort reliefs. One of their biggest acts in the last year or so, was helping with the relief of the Haiti earthquake. In order to boost their ratings, and get back into the jockey for top news station again, CFRB Newstalk 1010 is going to have to go through some major changes, and keep up the strong effort they have been displaying within the last decade or so. Overall, it is clear to see that CFRB has been a very influential station within the Toronto market. They have seen many great talents pass over their airwaves, including such radio hosts as Wally Crouter, John Oakley, Mike Stafford, Jim Hunter, Gordon Sinclair, and Wes McKnight. Wally Crouter remained a strong morning show host for fifty years on the station, and Wes McKnight is best known as their main sportscaster. The station has progressed through a variety of formatting as well. With more and more stations popping up in the Toronto market, it was clear that they needed to establish themselves within a niche. They could no longer cover sports, news, and local events. By the nineties they had become an all news/talk station. Overall, they are fighting for the number one news station with the CBC and 680 News. In order to gain the top spot, they must build their listenership up again, and gain a loyal fan base as they had in the past. Overall, it is still considered and fine radio station and one of the best of its kind. Word Count: 1,924 Sources: top_line_radio_reports_-_toronto_10-07-2010. pdf (application/pdf Object) Canadian Communications Foundation Fondation Des Communications Canadiennes CFRB Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Rogers Recollections: A Chronicle of Excellence and Achievement Vintage Toronto Ads: Wallyamp;apos;s World Torontoist Rock Radio Scrapbook: Aircheck of the Week

Soil bioremedation - potential role for genetic engineering Literature review

Soil bioremedation - potential role for genetic engineering - Literature review Example For instance, a recent report by Wu and Yu (2011) indicated that the issue of environmental pollution in China has reached an alarming extent. Specifically, the article reported that as of 2011, one-sixth of China’s agricultural land has been contaminated with mercury, cadmium, copper, and other heavy metals (Wu and Yu, 2011). According to the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Engineering, this fraction of land is equivalent to approximately 20 million hectares, with the industrialized regions being more critically affected (Wu and Yu, 2011). Heavy metal-contaminated grounds have been shown to greatly affect the floral, faunal, and microbial communities (Lukkari et al., 2004; Agoramoorthy et al., 2006; Chen et al., 2007). In a study conducted by McGrath et al. (2001), it was found that exposure to toxic metals significantly reduced microbial diversity and other biologically-mediated soil activities. This alteration in the microbial composition, according to Elsgaard et al. (2001 ) may negatively affect recycling of plant nutrients, regulation of plant pest and plant growth, and maintenance of soil structure. Also, pollutants from the soil could accumulate in plants and can then be transferred to higher trophic levels in the food chain, posing health hazards to humans (Notten et al., 2005). Furthermore, the effects of soil pollution are not only confined to the terrestrial compartment of the ecosystem. It can also influence the integrity and dynamics of aquatic and marine systems (Cardellicchio et al., 2006; Vorosmarty et al., 2010). By virtue of geoweathering processes, hydrocarbons, organophosphates, and metal contaminants deposited in the ground could leach down the water table and redistribute in surrounding streams, lakes, and other bodies of water (Chen et al., 2007). Given the tremendous threats soil pollution poses to the environment and to human population, the need to control soil contamination or neutralize its toxic effects and the institution of rehabilitation in areas previously affected by this problem is indeed necessary. Bioremediation, a technology that makes use of living organisms to treat polluted areas, is one of the most commonly used strategies to rehabilitate contaminated soils (Nasu and Iwamoto, 2001; Obbard et al., 2005; Umrania, 2006; Luo et al., 2010). Technically, bioremediation focuses on enhancing the natural biodegradation process at a rate that significantly increases the removal of contaminants (Calvo et al., 2009). One commonly employed bioremediation strategy is to supply the polluted environment with nutrients like nitrogen to hasten the process of degradation (Nasu and Iwamoto, 2001; Calvo et al., 2009). Another popular method is to directly introduce organisms with desired capabilities to the contaminated areas in the hope of speeding up biodegradation (Nasu and Iwamoto, 2001). Hence, by exploiting the biological processes inherent to plants or bacteria, the clean-up of environmental pollutants l ike hydrocarbons, lead, cadmium, and the like could be made possible (Obbard et al., 2011; Luo et al., 2010Â ­). However, the development of enhanced capabilities for degradation or accumulation of organic and heavy metal contaminants

Evaluation assessing modern American Capitalism and its impact on our Essay

Evaluation assessing modern American Capitalism and its impact on our culture - Essay Example This has led to the increase of profit margins and maintenance of the status quo of the bourgeoisies, who are the sole proprietors of the factors of production. This research paper assesses the modern American societies’ view of the term profit maximization in comparison to the traditional American society’s view of a reasonable profit and mutual benefit from an exchange. In the modern American society, profit maximization is viewed as the basis of a dominant business model. This model ensures the proper use of all the factors of productions such as labour and land. It is also necessary to note that that profit maximization does not involve the over-exploitation of customers (Calvin & Sandomir 123). This is because excellent products and services will capture the attention and loyalty of customers, thus ensuring maximization of the profit margins of any business organization. In the modern American business cultural environment, the currency trade dominates the economy. This contrasts with the traditional American economy where barter trade was perceived as the finest means of trade. The modern American society also considers profit maximization as a perfect social business. This is an emerging business system, in this American civilization era, where profit entity’s primary aim is to benefit the whole society. ... For instance, the traditional marketing economy viewed a reasonable profit in several diverse ways. First, traditional owners of the factors of production argued that an increased investment, in the capital market or fixed capital, was the basis of a reasonable profit. The assets, in the traditional capitalistic competition, were the major constant factor that increased productivity and maximization of profit margins (Lichtenstein 122). In cases of reduced margin of surplus labour, the capital market increased the production as well as reasonable profit. Traditionally, the capitalistic view of profit maximization can be concluded as primitive as compared to the modern ones. In the modern American society, profit maximization, as a result of surplus production, is acquired through technological advancements. In the traditional capitalistic competition markets, profit maximization was solely experienced though forced and harsh labour conditions. This, in turn, highly undermined the soc ial and cultural prestige of the traditional American societies. The modern America free enterprise economy has to some extent, weakened cultural practices especially in the investment strategies carried out by business organizations. Self-interest is the basis in which the modern American capitalistic competition is based upon. This opposes the traditional communalism nature where capitalistic competition was focused towards benefiting the whole society (Calvin & Sandomir 145). This, in turn, enhanced the peaceful coexistence in the marketing economy and social cohesion. Serving self-interests, in the modern American society, has led to the

Marriage and family Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Marriage and family - Essay Example Indeed, the pain of a bereaved would not heal overnight. It takes a lot of time and courage; some may take months while others wait for years to cope up with their loss. But what is important is to try to look at life on a different perspective, and that means moving on. According to experts, the best way to cope up with grief is to connect with other people; knowing that there are people who understand and care for you may lessen the pain. Oftentimes, when the pain is taking time to heal, it is advisable to go to a therapist; they can help a bereaved surpass intense emotions. In the case of therapists, the challenge is not to â€Å"treat† patients but allow them to let loose of their burdens. For children who lost their parents, the goal is to inculcate in them that moving on does not mean detaching and forgetting rather accepting and starting a new life and commitment in two different worlds. It is also referred by Carol Crandall in her book, In a Time to Grieve: Mediations for Healing after the Death of a Loved One (1994) as "You don't heal from the loss of a loved one because time passes; you heal because of what you do with the time".

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst (NPDCs) Case Study

Nasopalatine Duct Cyst (NPDCs) Case Study Abstract Incisive canal cyst or Nasopalatine duct cysts (NPDCs) are the most common non-odontogenic cysts of the maxilla. These developmental NPDC are usually asymptomatic and are discovered during routine radiological examination done for some other diagnosis. A cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) is a valuable tool to localize a cyst within the nasopalatine canal. CBCT enables analysis of the dimension of the NPDC, analysis of the involvement of neighboring anatomical structures and assists in treatment planning. Histopathology shows non-keratinized epithelium with pseudostratification, ciliation with neuro-vascular bundle in the capsular wall. Surgical approach with enucleation of the cyst is the treatment of choice. Since these lesions show diagnostic dilemma in clinical and radiological study, the definitive diagnosis is made by histopathology. Our case report shows nasopalatine duct cyst in a 27 year old male patient along with brief literature review. Keywords: Nasopalatine duct cyst, Non-odontogenic , Trauma, Anterior maxilla. INTRODUCTION Various synonyms were used previously in the literature for NPDC as cystis canalis nasopalatini, cystis canalis incisive, is the most common non-odontogenic cyst occurring in the oral cavity. Most common site will be midline palate around the incisive foramen from debris of nasopalatine duct’s epithelium. It was first described by Meyer in 1914, in the past, known as the fissured cyst, now according to the WHO classification it is defined as a non-odontogenic, developmental, epithelial cyst of maxilla. In most of cases, it develops in the midline of the palate near the incisive foramen.1  During fetal development the duct gradually narrows until one or two central clefts are finally formed on the midline of the upper maxilla. The nasopalatine neurovascular bundle is located within the duct, and emerges from its intrabony trajectory through the nasopalatine foramen.2 Etiology is still debatable, as some say it may arise from a vestigial organ (nasal-vomer Jacobson organ) present in some inferior mammals. Various triggering factors for cyst development are infection (38 %), trauma (16 %), minor salivary mucus retention, inflammatory stimulus resulting in the abnormal growth of the remnant cells, derived from the fusion of the primary palatal of the first branchial arch. It is a developmental cyst.3 The case report here was in a dilemma whether it was a residual cyst or incisive canal cyst. Many nasopalatine duct cyst were diagnosed during routine periapical or occlusal radiographs.4 The definite diagnosis of the cyst should be basedon clinical, radiological and histopathologic findings. Hence, we report a case of nasopalatine duct cyst in a 33year old male patient, along with a review of literature. CASE REPORT A 27 years old male patient reported in the Department with the chief complaint of swelling in the upper front tooth region since 3 months. Pain was insidious in onset with swelling gradually increased to the present size. Patient gave the history of trauma with extraction of his upper front tooth 3 months back. Extraorally there was no abnormality and no lymphadenopathy detected. Intraoral examination revealed a swelling in the incisive papilla region. Swelling was measuring 1.5 cm x 1.5 cm in the midline of the hard palate and extended posteriorly to the mesial aspect of upper canine. CBCT of the maxilla was advised. Axial, sagittal and coronal sections were obtained; lateral sections along the arch and buccolingual sections were made and assessed to make the following report: CBCT of maxilla showed missing 11, 21 and a radiolucent lesion in anteriormaxilla. A well-defined unilocular radiolucent lesion seen in the anterior maxilla in11, 21, region.(Fig 1). The lesion extends from the incisive canal opening to the floor of nasal fossa superoinferiorly, from labial to palatal cortical plate labiopalatally and from 12 to 22 regions. (Fig 2) The lesion is roughly oval in shape, measures about 13 mms mesiodistally, 13 mms supero-inferiorly, 12 mms laterally. The lesion is bordered by very thin sclerotic margin except for few areas. The lesion is uniformly radiolu cent within, has caused expansion, thinning and perforation of labial cortical plate in particular, also caused perforation of the floor of nasal fossa. On the basis of clinical and radiographic evidence of incisive canal cyst was made. It was decided to enucleate the cyst under general anesthesia. Prior to surgery all preliminary investigations were done and results were within normal range. Cyst was enucleated (Fig 3,4) and specimen was sent for histopathological examination for the confirmation of provisional diagnosis. Microscopic examination revealed non keratinized stratified squamous epithelium of variable thickness with moderate inflammatory infiltrate in the connective tissue wall with few areas of pseudostratified epithelium. Capsular wall shows endothelial lined capillaries, muscular arteries, nerve fiber bundles/neurovascular bundles are seen in the connective tissue wall with areas of hemorrhage and peripheral vital bone is seen.(Fig 5,6) These histological features, in conjunction with the site of the lesion, suggested incisive canal cyst. DISCUSSION Usually it is difficult to distinguish normal incisive canal and foramen from small NPDC which is associated with vital tooth. It is more difficult when it is associated with non-vital tooth to differentiate from radicular cyst and existing NPDC. Some clinicians follow the thumb rule that radiolucency of the incisive canal measuring less than 0.6 cm in diameter should not be considered cystic in the absence of other symptoms.5 The exact etiology of NPDC is of uncertain origin but idiopathic or secondary to trauma, bacterial infections, or mucous retention has been shown with peak incidence between the fifth and the sixth decades of life. NPDC is the most common non-odontogenic cyst of the gnathic bones, representing up to 1% of all maxillary cysts. Etiology of present case is idiopathic with no history of trauma or infections. NPDC has high predilection for male which is synchronizing with our case. NPDC mainly manifest during fourth to sixth decades of life, but our patient was 27 years old and very few cases have been reported in the third decade of life.6 As far as pathogenesis concerned, it was previously thought that the NPDCs originated from the trapping of epithelium during fusion of the embryological processes. This concept has been discarded, and currently NPDC is thought to develop from the epithelial remnants of the nasopalatine ducts present within the incisive canals (canals of Stenson).7 Patients may be asymptomatic, with the lesion being detected on routine radiographs, however many will present with one or more symptoms. Complaints are often found to be associated with an infection of a previously asymptomatic nasopalatine duct cysts and consist primarily of swelling, drainage and pain.8 Our patient was presented with swelling on the midline of the palate without pain or drainage. The mean size of the NPDC variesfrom 6 to 17 mm,9 whereas our case showed a swelling that is 1.5 Ãâ€" 1.5mm. Even though definitive diagnosis of a nasopalatine cyst is more easily made on plain film so the advanced imaging modalities such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are being used to differentiate this entity from other lesions.5 Radiographically, NPDC are wellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Ëœcircumscribed round, ovoid or heart-shaped radiolucency in the anterior maxilla.10 The radiographic diameter of our case was 13 Ãâ€" 13 mm. The differential diagnosis should concern the supernumerary tooth appearing in this area- the mesiodens in the follicular cyst and also it should concern the primary cyst, the giant-cell granuloma, the ostitis with the palatal fistula and also naso-palatine and palatal-sinus connections.2 Histologically, the type of cystic epithelium varies according to the location involved (palatine, nasal, or intermediate). A squamous cell epithelium is almost always observed, although ciliary respiratory epithelium can be seen when the lesion is located higher up or nasally. Some cases rarely show the combination of squamous cell epithelium with ciliary respiratory epithelium as seen in the present case suggesting intermediate to palatal and nasal epithelial origin.7 Surgical enucleation was considered as the choice of treatment. The present case had typical clinical, radiographic, and histopathological features of a nasopalatine duct cyst. CONCLUSION Nasopalatine duct cysts occur in approximately 1% of the population with mean age of 42.5 years. The lesions may be asymptomatic or may manifest as swelling, pain, and drainage from the hard palate. A well-circumscribed, round, ovoid or heart-shaped radiolucency is seen on radiograph. Cone-beam computed tomography easily visualizes the radio-transparency on the midline, with well-defined sclerotic margins, and informs of the exact location of the lesion. In addition, it facilitates planning of the best surgical approach.

Truthful Horatio of Shakespeares Hamlet :: GCSE English Literature Coursework

Truthful Horatio in Hamlet Horatio's role in Hamlet is minor, however he serves two purposes central to the drama. Horatio provides the truth. It is through Horatio that the actions taken by Hamlet and other characters gain credibility. He is the outside observer to the madness. Hamlet could soliloquize to no end, but it is his conversations with Horatio that ground the play in reality. Horatio believes Hamlet and thus we have permission to believe. He sees the Ghost and so we can believe that Hamlet has seen the Ghost. If Horatio were not there, Hamlet's sanity would truly be in doubt. Horatio's second purpose is to be Hamlet's one true confidant. Apart from Hamlet's soliloquies, his conversations with Horatio are the only insight we have into what the Prince is really thinking and feeling. But why Hamlet chooses Horatio to become the sole person on whom he can rely is of primary concern here. From the first scene we see that Horatio is calm, resolute, and rational. Not afraid to confront the Ghost, Horatio demands that it speak if it knows what future awaits Denmark or if it has come to make a confession: If thou art privy to thy country's fate... O, speak! Or if thou hast uphoarded in thy life Extorted treasure in the womb of earth... Speak of it, stay and speak! (I.i.133-9) Hamlet admires Horatio for the qualities that Hamlet himself does not possess. He praises Horatio for his virtue and self-control: "Horatio, thou art e'en as just a man/As e'er my conversation cop'd withal" (III.ii.56-7). Horatio's strength of character is unwavering, and Hamlet longs for the peace of mind that such stoicism must bring to Horatio: Dost thou hear? Since my dear soul was mistress of her choice, And could of men distinguish her election, Hath seal'd thee for herself, for thou hast been As one, in suffering all, that suffers nothing, A man that fortune's buffets and rewards Hast ta'en with equal thanks: and blest are those Whose blood and judgement are so well commedled That they are not a pipe for fortune's finger To sound what stop she please. Give me that man That is not passion's slave, and I will wear him In my heart's core, ay, in my heart of heart, As i do thee. (III.ii.65-70) Thus Horatio has reached an apex that Hamlet recognizes is the freedom from emotional upheaval.